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941.
Specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content as alternative predictors of plant strategies 总被引:42,自引:1,他引:42
A key element of most recently proposed plant strategy schemes is an axis of resource capture, usage and availability. In the search for a simple, robust plant trait (or traits) that will allow plants to be located on this axis, specific leaf area is one of the leading contenders. Using a large new unpublished database, we examine the variability of specific leaf area and other leaf traits, the relationships between them, and their ability to predict position on the resource use axis. Specific leaf area is found to suffer from a number of drawbacks; it is both very variable between replicates and much influenced by leaf thickness. Leaf dry-matter content (sometimes referred to as tissue density) is much less variable, largely independent of leaf thickness and a better predictor of location on an axis of resource capture, usage and availability. However, it is not clear how useful dry matter content will be outside northwest Europe, and in particular in dry climates with many succulents. 相似文献
942.
Y. Ichinose H. Kanehisa M. Ito Y. Kawakami T. Fukunaga 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1998,78(2):109-114
The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the morphological and functional aspects of the triceps brachii
muscle between highly trained male and female athletes who were members of the 1996 Japanese Olympic teams in each of three
different events: soccer, gymnastics and judo. The thickness (TBmt) and fibre pennation angle (TBpen) of the triceps brachii muscle and force output during elbow extensions were determined using a B-mode ultrasound apparatus
and an isokinetic dynamometer, respectively. The TBmt and its value relative to upper arm length (TBmt/l
ua) were significantly larger in the men than in the women in all the events except judo. In all the subjects, a significant
correlation was found between TBmt/l
ua) and TBpen (r= 0.721, P < 0.05). The existence of the sex difference in TBpen within the same event was in agreement with that observed in TBmt/l
ua except for the soccer players. The TBpen of the soccer players were similar in both sexes although a significant sex differences was found in TBmt/l
ua. The isokinetic forces measured using the two velocities 60°· s−1 (F
60) and 180°· s−1 (F
180) were significantly correlated to the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the triceps brachii muscle estimated from TBmt (r= 0.702, P < 0.05 for F
60, and r= 0.776, P < 0.05 for F
180). No significant sex differences were found in either F
60/CSA or F
180/CSA in any of the events. From these results, it could be assumed, at least in the Olympic athletes tested in this study,
that the fibre angulation of the triceps brachii muscle was almost the same in the two sexes if allowance was made for the
difference in the muscle size, and the sex difference in force generation capability of the triceps brachii muscle could in
the main be attributed to the difference in CSA rather than in the architectural characteristics.
Accepted: 7 January 1998 相似文献
943.
Melanie A. McCollum 《American journal of physical anthropology》1994,93(2):259-273
It is well documented in the anthropological literature that the distinctive morphology of the “robust” hominid facial skeleton reflects its dietary specialization. Rak (1983) has provided the most comprehensive evaluation of Paranthropus facial morphology and this important study concluded that bone strain generated during mastication was responsible for the scaling of measures of facial height and breadth. The present study evaluated Rak's analysis by examining the relationship between bizygomatic breadth and facial height in an ontogenetic series of Pan and Gorilla crania. Results of this analysis indicate that facial height and breadth dimensions were not mechanically scaled in the “robust” australopithecines. Structural analysis of African ape facial maturation was also used to examine alternative spatial methods of malar elongation in Paranthropus. It is concluded that the increased height of the malar region in these specimens is not related to either vertical expansion of the posterior facial skeleton or to expansion of the temporal fossa. Malar elongation is, however, consistent with a derived pattern of facial growth in crania possessing a thickened hard palate. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
944.
On-line estimation of biological variables during pH controlled lactic acid fermentations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Acuña G Latrille E Béal C Corrieu G Chéruy A 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》1994,44(10):1168-1176
Indirect measurement of lactose, galactose, lactic acid, and biomass concentration from on-line sodium hydroxide weight measurements have been obtained for pure and mixed batch cultures of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus 404 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus 398 conducted at controlled pH and temperature. Linear correlations were established between the equivalent sodium hydroxide concentration and the lactose (substrate), galactose and lactic acid (products) concentrations while nonlinear relationships were developed between biomass and lactic acid concentrations. These nonlinear relationships took into account the inhibitory effect of lactic acid on growth and acidification. The indirect measurements of biomass concentration were introduced into a nonlinear estimator of the state variables and of the specific growth and lactic acid production rates. Good agreement was found between estimated and measured biomass concentrations (error index ranging from 10.8% to 12.6%). The results showed the feasibility of on-line estimation of biomass concentration and of the specific kinetics from NaOH addition weight measurements and its applicability for monitoring lactic acid fermentations. Using off-line measurements of L(+) and D(-) lactic acid concentrations, the evolution of the concentration of each strain in mixed cultures was obtained from the relationships proposed for the mixed cultures. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
945.
Data are presented on the differences in root length density (RLD), dry matter (DM), and root diameter values determined on wheat and faba bean using sieves of different mesh size to separate roots from soil during sample preparation. Screens with 0.2, 1, and 2 mm (0.04, 1, and 4 mm2) aperture were used. Roots collected on the 2-mm sieve represented on average 55% of the weight and only 10% of the total length collected using a 0.2-mm sieve. With a 1-mm sieve 75% of weight was retained, but only 34% of the length. In the 0–20 cm soil layer average RLD and DM values ranged between 1.3 and 2.5 cm cm-3 and 215 and 136 g m-2 for faba bean and wheat respectively with 2 mm screens and 14.6 and 18.1 cm cm-3 and 313 and 202 g m-2 with 0.2 mm sieves. RLD was more affected than weight since losses from coarse screens were largely due to fine root fractions, although the 1-and 2-mm screens retained a small amount of fine roots that were long or attached to main structures. Variability was higher for measurements on coarser screens. The use of screens much coarser than the diameter of fine roots is not recommended for the study of surface-related phenomena in which root length quantification is necessary, while it may be acceptable for gross comparisons of root weight and spatial extent. 相似文献
946.
947.
Metabolic control analysis of plant metabolism 总被引:12,自引:1,他引:11
Metabolic control analysis and its major coefficients are introduced. The importance of measuring both elasticity and concentration-control coefficients as well as flux-control coefficients is stressed. The conditions that need to be met before control analysis can be applied experimentally are emphasized. It is argued that successful application of this approach requires methods for the measurement of flux, maximum catalytic activities of enzymes and substrate contents. The measurement of flux by consumption of substrate, production of product, and the distribution of isotope after metabolism of labelled substrates is discussed. The need to ensure that measurements of enzymes and substrates are reliable and authenticated is stressed. Particular emphasis is placed on the ease with which such measurements can be invalidated in plant tissues, and ways for countering these difficulties are discussed. 相似文献
948.
van der Heijden RT Romein B Heijnen JJ Hellinga C Luyben KC 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》1994,44(7):781-791
This article presents a method to test the presence of relatively small systematic measurement errors; e.g., those caused by inaccurate calibration or sensor drift. To do this, primary measurements-flow rates and concentrations-are first translated into observed conversions, which should satisfy several constraints, like the laws of conservation of chemical elements. This study considers three objectives: 1.Modification of the commonly used balancing technique to improve error sensitivity to be able to detect small systematic errors. To this end, the balancing technique is applied sequentially in time.2.Extension of the method to enable direct diagnosis of errors in the primary measurements instead of diagnosing errors in the observed conversions. This was achieved by analyzing how individual errors in the primary measurements are expressed in the residual vector.3.Derivation of a new systematic method to quantitatively determine the sensitivity of the error, is that error size at which the expected value of the chisquare test function equals its critical value.The method is applied to industrial data demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach. It was shown that, for most possible error sources, a systematic errors of 2% to 5% could be detected. In given application, the variation of the N-content of biomass was appointed to be the cause of errors. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
949.
采用箱式养殖法,用城市生活污水处理后的活性污泥直接饲养蚯蚓。试验结果表明:活性污泥直接饲养蚯蚓是可行的。其饲养条件是采用上投料时,新鲜污泥一次性投料厚度以小于30cm为宜,块状发臭污泥小于20cm为宜;采用下投料时,新鲜污泥一次性投料厚度以小于30cm为宜,块状发臭污泥不适宜蚯蚓生长。 相似文献
950.
TAKASHI HIRANO HENDRIK SEGAH† TSUYOSHI HARADA SUWIDO LIMIN† TANIA JUNE‡§ RYUICHI HIRATA¶ MITSURU OSAKI 《Global Change Biology》2007,13(2):412-425
Tropical peatlands, which coexist with swamp forests, have accumulated vast amounts of carbon as soil organic matter. Since the 1970s, however, deforestation and drainage have progressed on an enormous scale. In addition, El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drought and large‐scale fires, which grow larger under the drought condition, are accelerating peatland devastation. That devastation enhances decomposition of soil organic matter and increases the carbon release to the atmosphere as CO2. This phenomenon suggests that tropical peatlands have already become a large CO2 source, but related quantitative information is limited. Therefore, we evaluated the CO2 balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, using 3 years of CO2 fluxes measured using the eddy covariance technique from 2002 through 2004. The forest was disturbed by drainage; consequently, groundwater level (GL) was reduced. The net ecosystem CO2 production (NEP) measurements showed seasonal variation, which was slightly positive or almost zero in the early dry season, and most‐negative late in the dry season or early the rainy season. This seasonality is attributable to the seasonal pattern of climate, tree phenology and fires. Slightly positive NEP resulted from smaller ecosystem respiration (RE) and larger gross primary production (GPP) under conditions of high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and large leaf area index (LAI). The most‐negative NEP resulted from smaller GPP and larger RE. The smaller GPP was related to high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), small LAI and low PPFD because of smoke from fires. The larger RE was related to low GL. Annual NEP values were estimated respectively as −602, −382 and −313 g C m−2 yr−1 for 2002, 2003 and 2004. These negative NEP values show that the tropical peat swamp forest, disturbed by drainage, functioned as a CO2 source. That source intensity was highest in 2002, an ENSO year, mainly because of low PPFD caused by dense smoke emitted from large fires. 相似文献